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Ebb Cade
Ebb Cade (17 March 1890 – 13 April 1953) was a black construction worker at Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge, an unwilling participant in the first human injection experiments with Plutonium.
Ebb Cade was born on 17 March 1890 in Macon County, Georgia, the son of Evens and Carrie Cade. Cade was married to Ida Cade. At the age of 63, Cade died as a result of ventricular fibrillation followed by heart failure on 13 April 1953 in Greensboro, Guilford County, North Carolina.〔North Carolina State Board of Health. (27 April 1953). Ebb Cade. Certificate of Death. #238. Bureau of Vital Statistics. Greensboro, North Carolina.〕
==Plutonium Injection Experiments==
On 23 March 1945 Cade was on his way to work at a construction site for the Manhattan Project when he was involved in a traffic accident at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. He was a cement worker for the J.A. Jones Construction Company. Cade presented at the Oak Ridge Hospital with fractures of right patella, right radius and ulna and left femur. Cade, became known as HP-12 (Human Product-12), and was the first person to be injected with Pu-239.〔Openness, DOE. (June 1998). Human Radiation Experiments: ACHRE Report. Chapter 5: The Manhattan district Experiments; the first injection. Washington, DC. Superintendent of Documents. US Government Printing Office.〕 In order to test the migration of plutonium through his body, subsequently fifteen of Cade's teeth were extracted, and bone samples taken. 〔Preston, D. Before the Fallout: From Marie Curie to Hiroshima (2005): 277. 〕
Beginning in 1945 and until 1947 a total of 18 people were part of a series of studies that involved the injection of Plutonium. There was one individual, Ebb Cade injected at the Oak Ridge Hospital on the Clinton Engineer Works reservation at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. In Rochester, New York at Strong Memorial Hospital 11 people were injected. In Chicago, Illinois 3 individuals received injections at Billings Hospital of the University of Chicago. In San Francisco, California 3 people were injected at the University Hospital of the University of California, San Francisco. The first person injected in California was Albert Stevens.〔Durbin, P.W. (1971). Plutonium in Man: A Twenty-Five Year Review. Berkeley: Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, UCRLB20850.〕〔Durbin, P.W. (1972). "Plutonium in Man: A New Look at the Old Data." Chapter 7.2 in Radiobiology of Plutonium, edited by B.J. Stover and W.S. Jee. Salt Lake City: The J.W. Press.〕〔Langham, W. H., Bassett, S. H., Harris, P. S., & Carter, R. E. (1980). Distribution and Excretion of Plutonium Administered Intravenously to Man. Health Physics. 38(6): 1031-1060.〕〔Langham, W. H. (1959). Physiology and toxicology of plutonium-239 and its industrial medical control. Health physics. 2(2): 172-185.〕 Urine and feces samples were collected from the test subjects and forwarded to Los Alamos (also known as Project Y) for plutonium analysis.〔Langham, W. H., Lawrence, J. N. P., McClelland, J., & Hempelmann, Louis H. (1962). The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory's experience with plutonium in man. Health physics. 8(6): 753-760.〕〔Hempelmann, Louis H., Langham, W. H., Richmond, C. R., & Voelz, G. L. (1973). Manhattan Project plutonium workers: A twenty-seven year follow-up study of selected cases. Health physics. 25(5): 461-479.〕 The studies were utilized to formulate mathematical equations necessary to establish plutonium excretion rates.〔Stannard, James Newell, and R. W. Baalman, Jr. (1988). Radioactivity and health: A history. No. DOE/RL/01830-T59. Pacific Northwest Lab., Richland, WA (USA).〕〔Stannard, J. N. (1973). Toxicology of radionuclides. Annual review of pharmacology. 13(1): 325-357.〕〔Hodge, Harold C., J. Newell Stannard, and John B. Hursh. (1973). Uranium. Plutonium. Transplutonic elements. ISBN 3540061681 Springer, Berlin, FR Germany.〕〔Openness, DOE. (June 1998). Human Radiation Experiments: ACHRE Report. Chapter 5: The Manhattan district Experiments; the first injection. Washington, DC. Superintendent of Documents. US Government Printing Office.〕
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